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The Malarial parasite

The most interesting sporozoan genus is plasmodium
Because of their malaria causing abilities, these species commonly referred as malarial parasites
All resides in the RBC
Mosquitoes are the vectors
4 species are known to cause different types of malaria
P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. falciparium
Geographically distributed in tropical and temperate countries
P. vivax is most commonly distributed and prevails in the temperate regions of the world.

Life Cycle of P. vivax

P. Vivax is the most common of the human infecting malaria fever parasites.
Causes benign tertian or vivax malaria, characterized by a 48 h cycle b/w first fever and subsequent chills and fever.
Hosts: diagenetic

a. Man:

asexual cycle in two phases

First in liver- liver schizogony

Second in RBC – erythrocytic schizogony and forms gametes

b. Mosquito:

Sexual cycle is completed in female anopheles

It involves gametogony and sporogony

Asexual cycle of P. vivax in man

[1]. Infection

Anopheles bite resulting in the inoculation of thousands of sporozoites along with saliva into the persons body (victim)

[2]. Sporozoites

Infective form of parasite
Small, spindle shaped measuring about 11-12 µ in length and 0.5-1 µ in width

[3]. Liver Schizogony

After 30m of infection, sporozoites invades hepatic tissues and multiply by schizogony in two phases (pre and exo-erythrocytic)

a). Pre-erythrocytic phase

Sporozoite becomes cryptozoite in hepatic cells and becomes spherical and non-pigmented schizont.
Undergo multiple fission (schizogony) and forms numeros uninucleate At the end of phase, hepatic cell bursts and cryptomerozoites are

b). Exo-erythrocytic phase

Cryptomerozoites enter new liver cells and becomes metacryptozoites
Undergo similar schizogony and produces metacryptomerozoites.
At the end of phase, hepatic cell bursts and cryptomerozoites are liberated

[4]. Erythrocytic schizogony

Micro metacryptomerozoites invades RBC and starts erythrocytic schizogony and includes following stages:

a). Tropozoite stage

Inside RBC, micro metacryptomerozoites becomes rounded and modified into trophozoite.

b). Signet ring stage

Trophozoite grows, develops vacuole and clinically referred as signet ring stage.

c). Amoeboid stage

Meanwhile signet stage develops into active amoeboid trophozoite
At this stage, samle red eosinophilic granules appear in the cytoplasm-schuffners granules

d). Schizont

Amoeboid trophozoite after feeding becomes rounded, grows in size and becomes schizont
It undergoes schizogony and forms merozoites
One erythrocytic cycle takes 48h

[5]. Post-erythrocytic schizogony

• Sometimes merozoites reach the liver and undergoes schizogonic development in the liver cells -post-erythrocytic schizogony.

[6]. Formation of gametes

Merozoites increases in size to become rounded gametocytes.
Male – microgametocyte and female- magagametocyte
Gametocytes donot devide but remain as intracellular parasite until they either die or ingested by vector

Sexual cycle of P. vivax in man

[1]Ingestion by mosquito

Female anopheles gets the infection by sucking the blood of infected person
RBC are digested and gametocytes are liberated and lodged into the cavity of the gut.

[2]. Gametogony

Development of gametes (Haploids) from gametocyte-gametogony/ gametogenesis.
Gamtes are of two types

a). Microgametes

Male or microgamete undergoes exflagellation in the midgut of mosquito
Each nucleus divides by mitosis and produce 6-8 haploid daughter and assemble at periphery
Cytoplasm outgrows into long thin flagella like projection and later these projections break away as mature male gamete

b). Megagametes

Female megagametocyte undergo some reorganisationa nd becomes a female gamete, which is ready for fertilization.

[3]. Fertilization

Megagamete gives out a cytoplasmic projection-fertilization cone.
Microgamete attached to this cone and transfer its nucleus to megagamete
Fertilization or syngamy takes place forms
Diploid zygote

[4]. Ookinete

After sometime zygote becomes active and shows gliding k/as ookinete moment and is
It measures about 15-22 micron in length and 3 micron in width.
It attaches itself to peritrophic membrane of gut.

[5]. Encystment

Ookinete penetrates through walls of midgut, becomes spherical and begins enyst.
The encysted zygote – oocyst / sporont

[6]. Sporogony

Oocyst enters into a phase of asexual multiplication- sporogony
Firstly divides by meosis and then by mitosis and forms enormous haploid nuclei surrounded by cytoplasmic masses
The daughter nuclei arrange themselves along the margin of cytoplasmic masses and later forms slender finger like processes having single nuclei in each
In this way about 10,000 minute slender and sickle bodies are formed-sporozoites.
When sporozoite matures oocyst ruptures and liberated into haeomocoel later penetrates into salivary glands
Whole sexual cycle completes into 0-12 days
Now mosquito becomes infective

Pathogenesis of malarial parasite

Symptoms of malaria first appear several dais after the infection of the parasite.

This time — incubation period Each attack of fever shows three stages:

1. Cold Stage

At the onset of malaria patent suffers from severe shaking chill.
Cold stage lasts for 20 min

2. Hot stage

As the chill subsides, the body temp rises as high as 106°F. and lasts for 1-4 h.

3. Sweating stage

As the temp lowers down, patent sweats profusely.
Fever comes down and temperature becomes normal

Malaria fever occurs when schizont in RBC bursts and set free their merozoites and malarial pigment haemozoin in the plasma.

Anemia is inevitable due to:

Destruction of RBC
Infected RBC become more fragile and rupture easily
Parasite produce haemolysin- brings haemolysis
In chronic case- spleen becomes enlarged

Control of Malaria

Control Measures falls into three categories:

Elimination or destruction of vector
Prophylaxis (prevention of infection)
Treatment of infected patents

[A] Destruction of anopheles

Most effective and surest way of controlling malaria and can be done through

Destruction of adult mosquitoes: method used are killing of hands, traps, fumigation, spraying and sterilization.
Elimination of breeding places: swampy, marshy and water logging areas are cleared out, bushes and shrubs are cleared off etc.
Destruction of larvae and pupae of mosquito through proper drainage (Flowing water), oil screens, chemical larvicides and biological methods.

[B]. Prevention of infection